Acid test critic and commentator: Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)

Encountering Johnson during my freshman year of college was like mastering a foreign language. His baroque English, with its convoluted sentences and lofty vocabulary backed by an oversized ego, were so foreign to the flat Midwestern voice I’ve inherited or the accompanying weight of humility and piety.

I did wind up publishing an underground broadside series, Dr. Samuel Johnson’s Rambler, in the aftermath, though it had a kind of Wind in the Willows countercurrent. Anyone remember mimeograph?

Later, at the Lilly Library at Indiana University, I actually had in my hands on original copies of The Rambler that Johnson produced twice a week beginning in 1750. Some of the issues before me had coffee stains. Or were they tea? There were also pencil markings in the margins.

His influence probably resulted in the complex compound sentences in my own work that likely limit my readership. Thanks, Literary Lion.

I should have also seen the way he created a role of outrageous author and played it to the hilt, far before the excesses of Romanticism swept European culture. Richard Wagner could have taken lessons from Johnson.

Drafting a manuscript is just the start

These perspectives apply to far more than NaNoWriMo, but they just might give a needed push to those of you trying to get a novel written within this month.

  1. “The first draft is just you telling yourself the story.” – Terry Pratchett
  2. “There is nothing to writing. All you do is sit down at the typewriter and bleed.” – Ernest Hemingway
  3. “If you wait for inspiration to write, you’re not a writer, you’re a waiter.” – Dan Poynter
  4. “Write what disturbs you, what you fear, what you have not been willing to speak about. Be willing to be split open.” – Natalie Goldberg
  5. “On first drafts: It is completely raw, the sort of thing I feel free to do with the door shut – it’s the story undressed, standing up in nothing but its socks and undershorts.” – Stephen King
  6. “Get through a draft as quickly as possible.” – Joshua Wolf Shenk
  7. “Write the first drafts as if no one else will ever read them – without a thought about publication – and only in the last draft to consider how the work will look from the outside.” – Anne Tyler
  8. “There is no greater agony than bearing an untold story inside you.” – Maya Angelou
  9. “I love deadlines. I like the whooshing sound they make as they fly by.” – Douglas Adams
  10. “In the planning stage of a book, don’t plan the ending. It has to be earned by all that will go before it.” – Rose Tremain

Acid test novelist: Russell Banks (1940-2023)

Another of the novelists to enter my elite circle of influences recently, Banks addressed the working-class lives of northern New England and upstate New York. He included also darkness, despair, and grit that feel real, rather than at a bit of distance. There’s a heft I found missing from some others, like Carolyn Chute’s Beans of Egypt, Maine or Ernest Hebert’s Darby Chronicles of New Hampshire, not that they aren’t informative.

The Sweet Hereafter is my favorite so far in that vein, though I should also mention The Darling, which shifts the action to Liberia and the focus to failed political activism.

With 21 volumes of fiction to his name, my TBR pile gets deeper.

He also has me recalling Richard Russo’s Empire Falls, which I had thought was his.

Acid test poet: Roger Pfingston (1940- )

A high school English and photography teacher, Pfingston also found himself at the center of an off-campus poetry circle that produced the annual review Stoney Lonesome, named for a small town near Bloomington, Indiana.

His own work, often reflecting family and neighbors and the rolling wooded nature of southern Indiana, are wonders of bejeweled focus and clarity on a passing time and place.

The directness is something few others achieve. Maybe Rumi comes closest, in a different way.

Acid test essayist, translator, and poet: Robert Bly (1926-2021)

My poetry efforts bloomed burgeoned in two periods. The first was in the decade after I left the ashram, culminating in my four years in the Pacific Northwest. The second was in my first two decades in New England.

Bly came center stage for me in that second round as I began working increasing in Deep Image directions, without yet having heard the term.

Bly, as it turned out, was a major proponent of the concept. I did find his essays very helpful, especially the idea of riding a dragon or even the dragon smoke, along with the ways we humans think with three brains and his criticism of most English poetry as being miniature sermons.

His own work and much of what he translated is infused with a darkness I hadn’t found in the Beat-based poetry of the San Francisco renaissance, including the Northwest.

The majority of the writers I’ve most admired possessed a strong sense of place, and Bly was no exception. His return to rural Minnesota after Harvard and Norway is a prime example.

While he’s also lauded as a founder of the men’s movement, I had been working in other fronts of the issue and found Iron John rather forced as an argument. Gary Snyder’s earlier Dimensions of a Haida Myth impressed the importance of folktales on me much more.

Reading that his examinations of male identity sprang from the emotional crisis he encountered after being divorced by his first wife, Carol, leads to the questions of how much she shaped his earlier work and quite possibly what followed. Her short stories are memorable. When she died in 2007, she was hailed as Minnesota’s lioness of letters.

A public reading he gave with his close friend Donald Hall in Concord, New Hampshire, remains memorable. Throughout their careers, they mailed new work to each other for critique before showing it elsewhere. Their styles were so different. The reading itself came shortly after the death of Hall’s wife, the poet Jane Kenyon, and was in her honor.

Acid test translator and poet: Robert Alter (1935- )

After reading Jewish authors complain about mistranslated passages from the Hebrew Bible, I welcome Hebrew scholar Alter’s thorough translation with an eye and ear for its innate literary qualities. A fine poet himself, Alter’s sensitive three volumes (including notes and footnotes that illuminate the working of puns and other devices) have become my go-to version in referencing passages and stories. The big and beautifully designed volumes are (1) the Five Books of Moses, (2) the Prophets, and (3) the Writings (Psalms and Proverbs, for instance).

Also of note are his The Art of Biblical Poetry and The Art of Biblical Narrative, examinations that challenge many earlier Biblical scholars’ contentions. I find both books to be excellent presentations of the craft of writing (and reading) both poetry and literary prose even apart from their Biblical subject.

Acid test novelist and poet: Richard Brautigan (1935-1984)

Fairy tales for adults. That’s what I first thought on encountering Brautigan weeks after I graduated from college. More accurately, playful children’s stories for young adults of a hippie leaning.

With his surrealistic or perhaps warped vision taking a simple voice, and his fondness of simile and imagery, his was a unique voice that amused many of us and annoyed many others.

Trout Fishing in America barely touched on fishing of any sort. Confederate General at Big Sur and In Watermelon Sugar were about, well, shyness and innocence as much as anything.

His usually very short poems were mousetraps of longing and loss.

Their freshness still beat 99 percent of the literature that surrounded them.

If only his sweet sadness weren’t soured by the pressures of success.

Acid test poet: Philip Whalen (1923-2008)

As a Reed College student, Whalen lived in a rooming house with Gary Snyder and Lou Welch, making for a trio of fine poets. There, through Snyder, he was introduced to Zen Buddhism after earlier dabbling in Vedanta yoga and Tibetan Buddhism. In time, he would emerge as an ordained priest at the San Francisco Zen Center.

Although suicide cut Welch’s life short, Whalen and Snyder remained close friends for life. I had no idea just how close until coming across David Schneider’s biography of Whalen, where the appear as complementary opposites – little brother helping bigger brother through key shifts in survival.

They were considered Beat poets from the start of the movement but soon moved away from its poetic conventions. Whalen, preoccupied with the movements of the human mind and awareness, blended mundane details immediately before him with timeless, erudite quotations from a world of sources. The results were a unique and absorbing mental dance on an unseen energy field.

I also enjoyed his novel, You Didn’t Even Try, dealing with a failed marriage.

He came a long way from the Dalles, a village along the Columbia River in Oregon where the eastern desert begins.

Acid test novelist: Pauline Reage (1907-1998)

Blame Susan Sontag for the introduction, but she was right in lauding the erotic achievement of the pseudonym French author only recently revealed to be Anne Cecile Desclos.

While many of the once shocking practices in The Story of O and its companion volume have become common knowledge in the years since publication, other parts remain contentious. I’ll leave the subject matter there.

What fascinates me as a writer is the spare, even lacy, language that develops the story. O herself says very little and next to nothing is revealed about her background – there’s nothing at all about her family – yet everything is shown as if we’re inside her head. Somehow, Reage skirts being prescient in the mater-of-fact telling. We learn more background about other characters’ families, in fact. When it comes to scurrilous events, she avoids dwelling in detail but hints briefly and quite effectively moves on. As for cliché? Minimal.

Let that be a reminder to some of us who would otherwise produce too much information for our readers at certain points of our own drafting.

Acid test novelist: Nikos Kazantakis (1883-1957)

Another recent addition to my elite list is the master best known for Zorba the Greek, though the protagonist’s name was rendered into English incorrectly – it should be Zorbas.

Inclined toward big, knotty books, Kazantakis tackled the upheavals of post-World War II Greek culture, a volatile realm even before The Last Temptation of Christ, his most controversial novel.

My favorite, though, is The Fratricides, centered on the struggles of an out-of-favor Orthodox priest in an impoverished village as he and it are drawn into the crushing vise of civil war itself.

As I’ve welcomed Greek perspectives into my awareness – befitting the element in my novel What’s Left – I appreciate his contention that Greece is neither West nor East, a place where Eastern instinct is reconciled with Western reason. Or, in his novels, logic is pitted against emotion.

I’m in no position to argue whether his language reflects the peasants he met in his travels around Greece, but in translation, it feels large-boned and sure-footed.